Loobani AcademyAbstract
Canine pneumonia refers to the substantial inflammation of the lungs, usually caused by an infection in the trachea, bronchi, and alveoli. Common causes include inhalation of foreign bodies, parasites, mycoplasma infections, and bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. The main clinical symptoms are cough, dyspnea, shortness of breath, elevated body temperature, dry and moist rales on lung auscultation, loss of appetite, lethargy, and depression. The most direct impact is the decline of gas exchange function, which can easily lead to hypoxia in dogs. If it is not controlled in time, it will often cause irreparable damage to the lungs.
This article is a clinical case of diagnosis and treatment of canine pneumonia, organized as follows.
1: Case information
1. Name: gray gray
2. Breed: Poodle
3. Age: 6 months
4. Gender: male
5. Consultation time: October 20, 2022
2: Medical history investigation
1. Medical problems: cough, runny nose, depression, fever
2. Main statement: After bathing the dog last week, the owner did not dry it in time, and then the weather began to cool down. The dog had a runny nose and loss of appetite and coughed many times a day. Especially at night, the dog will vomit white foamy liquid. The owner did not feed the dog today, so he brought the dog to see a doctor. It did not take any medication, and it had been fully vaccinated. Last month, it had internal and external deworming. This month is not yet time. Its urine is yellow, and the frequency of defecation is also reduced.
3: Physical examination
1. Overall check
BCS: 3/9, thin body condition, dry back hair, slight dandruff, dehydration 2, just clean around the anus.
2. General check
BW: 2.7KG T: 39.6℃ HR: 150/MIN RR: 40/min
3. System check
Auscultation arrhythmia, lung crackles, bowel sounds normal, palpation of the abdomen was normal.
4. Laboratory examination
Inspection items: virus screening, blood routine, acute reaction protein, biochemical examination, X-ray film
Virus Screen
Check Item | Check Result |
Distemper Antigen（CDV ag） | – |
Canine Influenza Antigens（CIV ag） | – |
Blood Routine
Check Item | Check Result | Reference Range |
WBC | 28.0*10^9/L | 6.0-17.0 |
LYMPH | 4.7*10^9/L | 0.8-5.1 |
MON | 2.1*10^9/L | 0.0-1.9 |
GRAN | 8.2*10^9/L | 4.0-12.6 |
LYMPH% | 22.1% | 12.0-30.0 |
MON% | 4.2% | 2.0-9.0 |
GRAN% | 73% | 60.0-83.0 |
RBC | 5.0*10^12/L | 5.50-8.50 |
HGB | 105g/L | 110-190 |
HCT | 37.7% | 39.0-56.0 |
MCV | 58.0fL | 62.0-72.0 |
MCH | 23.2pg | 20.0-25.0 |
MCHC | 285g/L | 300-380 |
RDW | 15.5% | 11.0-15.5 |
PLT | 380*10^9/L | 117-460 |
MPV | 8.1fL | 7.0-12.9 |
PDW | 18 |
|
PCT | 0.301% |
|
EOS% | 3.1% |
Acute Response Protein
Check Item | Check Result | Reference Range |
CRP | 116mg/L | ＜20mg/L |
Biochemical Tests
Check Item | Check Result | Reference Range |
ALB | 2.4g/dl | 2.3-4.0 |
ALKP | 225u/l | 23-212 |
ALT | 56u/l | 10-100 |
AMYL | 725u/l | 500-1500 |
BUN | 31mg/dl | 16-36 |
CA | 8.3mg/dl | 7.8-11.3 |
CHOL | 71mg/dl | 65-225 |
CREA | 2.0mg/dl | 0.8-2.4 |
GLU | 68mg/dl | 74-159 |
PHOS | 6.5mg/dl | 3.1-7.5 |
TBIL | 0.04mg/dl | 0.0-0.9 |
TP | 5.7g/dl | 5.7-8.9 |
GLOB | 3.6g/dl | 2.8-5.1 |
X-ray film
Canine distemper, negative canine influenza virus screening, blood routine white blood cells, lymphocytes increased, indicating inflammation, a slight decrease in red blood cells indicates anemia, and an increase in acute response protein indicates severe infection. A slight reduction in biochemical index proteins and a small drop in blood sugar means that the body has reduced protein intake or insufficient synthesis.
X-ray films showed increased radiopacity of the lung lobes and enlargement of the heart, indicating inflammation in both the left and right lobes and an abnormal gut. Further echocardiography is recommended.
4: Diagnosis and Treatment
1. Diagnosis: Preliminary Canine Pneumonia
2. Treatment:
1.10.9%NACL20ML nebulization treatment increases the moisture in the respiratory tract, which is conducive to the discharge of sputum after dilution. 20min once a day for three consecutive days
1.2LRS50ML＋5%GS50ML＋energy group 0.25ML/bottle intravenous injection speed 5ML/H
1.3 Ma Buddha 3 capsules, once a day, half a capsule, for five consecutive days
1.4 Potassium Amoxicillin Clavulanate 50MG 14 capsules two times a day, one capsule each time
1.5 Hulitong 3 times a day, 3ML each time
5: Notes
1. It isn’t easy to find the exact cause in clinical practice. Generally, broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs are used first. If the treatment effect is not good or recurrent attacks need to be further checked for mycoplasma and Bordetella, then treated according to the results of the bacterial culture and drug sensitivity test.
2. In clinical practice, if pulmonary edema occurs, diuretic treatment is required. If there is no diuretic treatment, it is forbidden because reducing body water will also reduce the moisture in respiratory secretions, making it more difficult to discharge sputum.
3. For dry cough or wheezing animals, bronchodilator drugs such as aminophylline can be given.
4. When animals with dyspnea go to the doctor, they need to inhale oxygen in time to reduce the life-threatening phenomenon of respiratory distress.
5. The risk of anesthesia increases when tracheal sampling for cytological examination and drug sensitivity tests when breathing is complex, so avoid selection at this time.
6. Keep warm, feed medicine on time, drink plenty of water, and do not take a bath or go out to play.
7. Since there is no further investigation of the heart condition, it is recommended not to do strenuous activities in daily feeding but to rest mainly and to perform echocardiography or early BNP examination of the heart as soon as possible.
6: Prognosis
After three days of medication, the dog’s mental appetite returned to normal, the frequency of coughing decreased significantly, and there was also coughing and vomiting. After seven days of medication, there were no symptoms of coughing and coughing sputum, and the mental appetite was average. Blood routine, acute reaction protein, and inflammation returned to normal during the follow-up visit, and the prognosis was good.
7: Disease pathogenesis and prevention
The causes of this disease are very complex and can be infectious, inflammatory, and inhalational. The pathogen can be divided into viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and mixed infections. The most common viral and bacterial infections. The pathogens of canine viral infection can include canine distemper virus, canine influenza virus, canine parainfluenza virus, adenovirus type 2, canine herpes virus, and canine respiratory coronavirus, and these viral infections are common in the upper respiratory tract. The cause of infectious bacterial pneumonia is that the pathogenic bacteria overcome the body’s defense mechanism or a high concentration of pathogenic pathogens enter the respiratory tract, which may cause the failure of the respiratory defense mechanism, such as systemic immunosuppression, inhalation of foreign bodies or corrosive substances and so on. Intestinal bacteria, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bordetella, etc., can all cause bacterial pneumonia. The prevalence of fungal pneumonia varies in geographical distribution, and there may be cryptococcus, Histoplasma, and black mold. Neospora, Pneumocystis carinii, Toxoplasma gondii, Strongyloides, etc. may cause parasitic pneumonia. Inflammatory pneumonia may have parasite-induced eosinophilic infiltration of bronchopulmonary disease.
Aspiration pneumonia is a severe and life-threatening inflammatory or infectious lung disease: chemical pneumonitis, inflammatory lung response, and development of bacterial pneumonia due to inhalation of irritant substances. The most common cause is vomiting, reflux, or throat disease. After anesthesia, inhalation of gastric contents damages lung epithelial cells, reduces alveolar surface tension, causes atelectasis and damage, and leads to secondary bacterial infection, low Ventilation or hypoxia, etc. Severe inhalation injury increases alveolar capillary permeability and develops acute respiratory distress, leading to noncardiogenic pulmonary edema.
Prevention:
Vaccination on time, regular deworming, and balanced nutrition are required in daily feeding, increase body resistance, and dry the back hair in time when taking a full body bath to avoid catching a cold, which will cause the body to catch a cold and get sick. It is necessary to keep warm in an environment with a significant temperature difference. If economic conditions permit, regular physical examinations are required to understand the animal’s body condition, so prevention is better than cure.
